Children with milder forms of CHD, such as atrial septal defects (ASDs), do not seem to have a higher incidence of developmental disabilities than their peers. Children who were on cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery or children who were born cyanotic (decreased blood oxygen) seem to be at the highest risk. Children who were on post-operative ECMO support are also at higher risk. Some types of CHD that increase the risk of neurodevelopmental issues include, but are not limited to:
- Coarctation of the Aorta (Coarc)
- Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) Ventricular septal defect (VSD) with comorbidities
- Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)
- Single ventricle defects
- Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)
- Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS)
- Tricuspid atresia
- Double outlet right ventricle (DORV)
- Double outlet left ventricle (DOLV)
- Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)
- Truncus arteriosus
- Interrupted aortic arch
- Children with syndromes associated with CHD
- Down Syndrome
- 22q 11 Deletion
- Noonan Syndrome
- Williams Syndrome